Dominant themes that best signified the phenomenon were identified during the tenth step; then, for the eleventh step, the analytic framework was presented to a selection of the participants to gauge whether the descriptions of their experiences were reflected accurately. For the twelfth and final step in the process, the findings were compiled, taking care to maintain the views of all participants and tell their stories using their own words (Halldorsdottir, 2000). According to the Vancouver School of Phenomenology, the dialogue should occur as in a normal conversation with a friend. In the fourth step, the dialogues that had been audiotaped during the third step were processed using Microsoft Word.
Motivations and Consequences of Substance Abuse
Our discussion will first focus on studies comparing men and women, followed by studies of gender-responsive treatments and treatment for pregnant women. On average, women initiate substance use at a later age than men (Greenfield, Pettinati, O’Malley, Randall, & Randall, 2010; Keyes, Martins, Blanco, & Hasin, 2010). A number of studies have suggested that, relative to men, women may have an accelerated course of substance use, progressing more rapidly from initiation of substance use to problems with substances, and from problems with substances to treatment-seeking (Hernandez-Avila, Rounsaville, & Kranzler, 2004). This progression is referred to as a “telescoping” course of illness and has been replicated in alcohol (Diehl et al., 2007; Randall et al., 1999), marijuana (Khan, Okuda, et al., 2013; Lewis, Hoffman, & Nixon, 2014), cocaine (Haas & Peters, 2000) and prescription opioid use (Lewis et al., 2014).
Ethics of the Study
He believes that males are more prone to take risks and drug misuse falls within that type of lifestyle. Participants had no time limits to their interviews as to offer them unrestricted expression of their experiences. Data were also presented to students and supervisors both at the research stage and upon completion of the study (Sigurdardottir et al., 2013). In the ninth step, the essential structure that had been identified was compared to the transcripts to confirm the findings.
Where can men go for help if they are victims of domestic violence?
Ratner and colleagues (2003) sampled 358 HIV-negative men who identified as gay or bisexual; of these, 14 percent reported childhood sexual abuse and 14.2 percent reported nonconsensual sex as adults (defined as being over the age of 14). In the same study, 55.3 percent of men who primarily used cocaine and 76.5 who primarily used methamphetamine reported that the drugs made them obsessed with sex or made their sex drive abnormally high. Providers should not hesitate to leverage the criminal justice system to ensure that male batterers participate in domestic violence treatment.
Most clients in substance abuse treatment usually have some religious and/or spiritual beliefs, based on research in medical settings (Koenig 2001b) and among the general population (Public Broadcasting Service 2002; Robinson 2003). Spiritual and religious activity should generally be encouraged; research has repeatedly confirmed that people who participate in spiritual/religious activities are less likely to abuse substances (Koenig 2001b). Also, religious practices and beliefs (at least those from established religions) seem to affect physical health by improving coping, reducing emotional distress, improving attitude and mood, increasing social support, and reducing problem behaviors (Koenig 2001a). A history of childhood sexual abuse can profoundly affect a male client’s substance abuse treatment in adulthood. For instance, typical efforts to help men bond with other male clients in treatment may provoke significant anxiety, and the abused client may withdraw, appear angry or threatening to others, or act fearful and hesitant.
Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions. Although individuals may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future. The NIMH Strategic Plan for Research is a broad roadmap for the Institute’s research priorities over the next five years.
Substance use disorders are especially common among men who are chronically homeless; according to one study, they occur in 84 percent of men compared with 58 percent of women (North et al. 2004). Different explanations have been proposed for the large difference https://sober-home.org/ in rates of depression between genders. This may contribute to the higher incidence of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in men than women (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] 2003; Pollack 1998c; Real 1997).
- Behavioral health clinicians may need to consider how to adapt these interventions for other populations.
- People with such symptoms may experience considerable emotional pain and significantly impaired functioning in some areas.
- SAMHSA has awarded $250 million in grants to 100 Certified Community Behavioral Health Clinics to increase access to facilities throughout the nation that provide community-based support for Americans in need of substance use disorder and mental health treatment services.
- Men are also more likely to binge drink than women, with nearly 21% of men reporting they binge drank in the last 30 days compared to just 13% of women.
Among individuals entering substance abuse treatment, rates of heroin use are high for Puerto Rican men, as are rates of methamphetamine use for Mexican American men (Singer 1999). Men currently involved with the criminal justice system as well as those who leave it to enter substance abuse treatment may be reluctant to divulge information, resistant to expressing vulnerable emotions (e.g., sadness, fear), or hesitant to interact in group treatment. Behavioral health counselors should try not to interpret these behaviors as resistance, denial, uncooperativeness, or unwillingness to participate in recovery. In a large survey, 46 percent of men who were homeless reported alcohol problems, whereas only 22 percent of women who were homeless did; men were also 50 percent more likely to report a problem related to illicit drugs (Burt et al. 1999).
American Indians and Alaska Natives comprise about 1 percent of the population of the United States (McKinnon 2003). However, in 2000, they constituted approximately 1.4 percent of individuals in substance abuse treatment programs receiving funds through the States (SAMHSA, OAS 2008b). Substance use patterns vary significantly among Native American Tribes, but within specific Tribes, American Indian and Alaska Native men usually have significantly higher rates of substance use disorders than women from the same Tribe.
Nearly 70% of law enforcement agencies in the western and midwestern areas of the United States view methamphetamine and fentanyl as the greatest threats to their populations. As most hallucinogens have no accepted medical use for treatment in the US, they are illegal. After calling 911, place any unconscious person in the recovery position while you wait for help to arrive. This allows any bodily fluids to drain out of the mouth and nose, reducing the risk of aspiration and asphyxiation. Explore the NIMH grant application process, including how to write your grant, how to submit your grant, and how the review process works.
The study revealed that the social male norms of the community may have contributed to the distress of some of the participants (Tryggvadottir et al., 2019). However, the majority agreed that views on the subject had advanced and restrictive gender norms had been more of a problem several years ago. This could be a sign of progress, as previous studies have reported a negative association between perceived male gender norms, mental health, and social functioning in men (Wang & Miller, 2017). Nearly half (45.6 percent) of adults with an SUD also have a mental illness, such as depression.
Women have worse outcomes than men to buspirone treatment for cannabis (McRae-Clark et al., 2015) and cocaine dependence (Winhusen et al., 2014); in both trials, buspirone did not outperform placebo in either gender. Although findings are somewhat mixed regarding gender differences in the legal consequences of substance use, a number of studies indicate greater legal problems in men (Sonne, Back, Diaz Zuniga, Randall, & Brady, 2003; Westermeyer & Boedicker, 2000). The use of alcohol and other substances is more common among Native Hawaiians than members of other ethnic and racial groups living in Hawaii. In an adult household survey of Hawaiian residents conducted in 1998, about 36.7 percent of Native Hawaiian men reported heavy drinking and 15 percent met diagnostic criteria for either alcohol abuse or dependence (Gatrell et al. 2000).
There were no clear differences in the extent of problematic alcohol use by age, physician specialty, and career stage. As such, key information on the extent of problematic alcohol use among physicians remains unknown. There is some evidence that women present to treatment more quickly after substance use initiation and disorder onset (see above; Alvanzo et al., 2014; Blanco et al., 2013; Lewis & Nixon, 2014). Among adolescents with alcohol use disorder, girls are more likely to receive treatment than boys (Haughwout, Harford, Castle, & Grant, 2016). Nevertheless, population-based and treatment admission data suggest that many women with SUDs do not receive treatment.
Rates of use are especially high for American Indian and Alaska Native men (HHS, SAMHSA, OAS 2007). American Indian men as a group have higher rates of binge drinking than the general population, but they also have higher rates of abstaining completely from alcohol than the general population (May and Gossage 2001; OAS 2007b). Drinking starts at an earlier age among American Indian men than their female counterparts (17 years versus 18.1 years, respectively), and American Indian men as a group have a tendency to drink more frequently and in larger quantities than American Indian women (May and Gossage 2001). In 2006, veterans accounted for over 66,000 admissions (4.9 percent of total admissions) to substance abuse treatment programs tracked by SAMHSA’s Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS); most (91.4 percent) were men.
For example, men in building trades can work with Habitat for Humanity; men who like to cook can help prepare soup kitchen meals. Counselors should be sensitive to the kinds of service that would be most rewarding and therapeutic for the client and should not assume that all clients will benefit therapeutically from service work. Motivational enhancement therapy or motivational interviewing may be even more effective than cognitive–behavioral approaches in reducing substance use for men with a high level of anger. Anger is a common problem for men with substance use disorders and can be exacerbated by the stress of early recovery. Because of men’s socialization, anger is one of the only emotions that many men feel comfortable expressing—thus, they often use it to cover up emotions (e.g., fear, grief, sadness) that they feel inhibited about expressing (Lyme et al. 2008). His drugs of choice were alcohol and marijuana; he entered treatment after his wife threatened to divorce him if he did not stop using.
Pathological gambling is an impulse-control disorder characterized by “persistent and recurrent” gambling “that disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits” (APA 2000, p. 671). Two thirds of individuals with this disorder are men, in whom it typically begins at an earlier age (early adolescence) than in women (APA 2000). Men are more likely than women to be in treatment for pathological gambling or to attend Gamblers Anonymous (Ladd and Petry 2002; LairRobinson 1997). In fact, the DSM-IV-TR estimates that 96 to 98 percent of people in treatment for this disorder are men (APA 2000). Men who gamble pathologically are significantly more likely than men in the general population to have a co-occurring substance use disorder (Kessler et al. 2008; Scherrer et al. 2007).
SAMHSA also awarded $54.3 million for its Project AWARE (Advancing Wellness and Resilience in Education) State Education Agency (SEA) program, which helps build or expand state and local governments’ coordination to increase awareness of mental health issues among school-aged youths. Although empirical data on how parenting responsibilities affect the treatment seeking and retention of men are not readily available, studies suggest that family can play an important role in motivating a man to enter treatment. For example, Steinberg and colleagues (1997) found that 53.3 percent of their sample (105 men in a couples-based outpatient program for alcohol abuse) said they were motivated by their spouse or family to enter treatment. In analyzing data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study, Grella and Joshi (1999) found that opposition to substance use and support for treatment from family members had an effect on men’s entry into treatment that it did not have on women’s entry. For men who have a history of either perpetrating or being victimized by domestic violence, collaboration with and referrals to domestic violence intervention programs can facilitate their substance abuse treatment.
The only exceptions are social phobia and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), as some research has found that rates for those do not vary significantly between genders (Bekker and van Mens-Verhulst 2007; Grant et al. 2009). You can also learn about finding support and locating mental health services in your area on https://sober-home.org/lsd-effects-short-term-and-long-term-effects-of/ the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. The motivations for substance use and the consequences of addiction exhibit notable differences between males and females. Several changes to the 2020 NSDUH prevent its findings from being directly comparable to recent past-year surveys.
Asian Americans rank lowest of all racial or ethnic groups in terms of past-year illicit drug use. According to 2007 data, Asian Americans ages 12 and older were also less likely than members of other racial groups to report current alcohol use (35.2 percent) or recent binge drinking (12.6 percent). Asian Americans had a relatively low rate (4.3 percent) of past-year alcohol use disorders in 2007 (SAMHSA 2008); in 2005, they comprised 1 percent of admissions to substance abuse treatment programs receiving State agency funds (SAMHSA, OAS 2008b).